Conclusion

In conclusion, all five themes have been explored in depth. The cell communication and the immune system is a significant example of how some of the themes can be connected. Because the cell communication between neutrophils and macrophages lead to an immune system input to the body response to a material implant. The example of dental implant shows that the inflammatory at the wound site where a material is implanted could be a form of body response. The strength of cell adhesion by the amount of the vinculin in focal adhesion, together with the amount of active cells on biomaterial in the MTT assay are both key elements to minimise a body’s rejection to the implantation of biomaterials. Hence, there will be a strong cell adhesion on the biomaterials. Coating on biomaterials is mentioned twice in the blogs because it determines the strength of a biomaterial’s adhesion to a cell. Although the blog on cell adhesion has shown that coating of graphene increases the strength of focal adhesions, the blog on adverse effect argues that coating of a dense polymer decreases the cell adhesion to biomaterials on a nano-scale. Therefore, coatings on biomaterials have a massive effect to cell adhesion depending on the properties of the biomaterial of interest. Hopefully this website has sparked the interest in bioengineering, especially in biomaterial implantation.

References

[1] “Biomaterials,” National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering. [Online]. Available: https://www.nibib.nih.gov/science-education/science-topics/biomaterials. [Accessed: 14-Jan-2023] 

[2] K. Li, J. Yan, C. Wang, L. Bi, Q. Zhang, and Y. Han, “Graphene modified titanium alloy promote the adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells,” Biochemical and biophysical research communications, vol. 489, no. 2, pp. 187–192, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.124.

[3] Y. Xu, Z. Wu, X. Dong, and H. Li, “Combined biomaterial signals stimulate communications between bone marrow stromal cell and endothelial cell,” RSC advances, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 536–5314, 2017, doi: 10.1039/c6ra28101j.

[4] Pan, Z., Lee, W., Slutsky, L., Clark, R.A.F., Pernodet, N. and Rafailovich, M.H. (2009), Adverse Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Human Dermal Fibroblasts and How to Protect Cells. Small, 5: 511-520. https://doi-org.sheffield.idm.oclc.org/10.1002/smll.200800798

[5] Terheyden, H, Lang, NP, Bierbaum, S, Stadlinger, B. Osseointegration – communication of cells. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 00 2011, 1– 9

[6] Z. Sheikh, P. Brooks, O. Barzilay, N. Fine, and M. Glogauer, “Macrophages, Foreign Body Giant Cells and Their Response to Implantable Biomaterials,” Materials, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 5671–5701, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.3390/ma8095269.

Image links

https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/knee-titanium-hinge-joint-19497998.jpg

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234120807/figure/fig1/AS:213126873128960@1427824814826/Schematic-presentation-of-focal-adhesions-Schematics-of-the-situation-of-interest-A.png

https://i0.wp.com/piccadillydental.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/anatomy-of-healthy-teeth-and-tooth-dental-implant-P5PWYZQ-scaled.jpg?resize=1320%2C990&ssl=1

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MTT_Plate.jpg/300px-MTT_Plate.jpg

https://myhouserabbit.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/iStock-1081925584-scaled.jpg